From

convert various other objects and data types into Observables

From

When you work with Observables, it can be more convenient if all of the data you mean to work with can be represented as Observables, rather than as a mixture of Observables and other types. This allows you to use a single set of operators to govern the entire lifespan of the data stream.

Iterables, for example, can be thought of as a sort of synchronous Observable; Futures, as a sort of Observable that always emits only a single item. By explicitly converting such objects to Observables, you allow them to interact as peers with other Observables.

For this reason, most ReactiveX implementations have methods that allow you to convert certain language-specific objects and data structures into Observables.

See Also

Language-Specific Information:

from

In RxGroovy, the from operator can convert a Future, an Iterable, or an Array. In the case of an Iterable or an Array, the resulting Observable will emit each item contained in the Iterable or Array.

In the case of a Future, it will emit the single result of the get call. You may optionally pass the version of from that accepts a future two additional parameters indicating a timeout span and the units of time that span is denominated in. The resulting Observable will terminate with an error if that span of time passes before the Future responds with a value.

from does not by default operate on any particular Scheduler, however you can pass the variant that converts a Future a Scheduler as an optional second parameter, and it will use that Scheduler to govern the Future.

fromFunc0

In addition, in the RxJavaAsyncUtil package, you have available to you the following operators that convert actions, callables, functions, and runnables into Observables that emit the results of those things:

  • fromAction
  • fromCallable
  • fromFunc0
  • fromRunnable

See the Start operator for more information about those operators.

from

Note that there is also a from operator that is a method of the optional StringObservable class. It converts a stream of characters or a Reader into an Observable that emits byte arrays or Strings.

In the separate RxJavaAsyncUtil package, which is not included by default with RxGroovy, there is also a runAsync function. Pass runAsync an Action and a Scheduler, and it will return a StoppableObservable that uses the specified Action to generate items that it emits.

The Action accepts an Observer and a Subscription. It uses the Subscription to check for the isUnsubscribed condition, upon which it will stop emitting items. You can also manually stop a StoppableObservable at any time by calling its unsubscribe method (which will also unsubscribe the Subscription you have associated with the StoppableObservable).

Because runAsync immediately invokes the Action and begins emitting the items, it is possible that some items may be lost in the interval between when you establish the StoppableObservable with this method and when your Observer is ready to receive items. If this is a problem, you can use the variant of runAsync that also accepts a Subject and pass a ReplaySubject with which you can retrieve the otherwise-missing items.

decode

The StringObservable class, which is not a default part of RxGroovy, also includes the decode operator which converts a stream of multibyte characters into an Observable that emits byte arrays that respect the character boundaries.

from

In RxJava, the from operator can convert a Future, an Iterable, or an Array. In the case of an Iterable or an Array, the resulting Observable will emit each item contained in the Iterable or Array.

Sample Code

Integer[] items = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
Observable myObservable = Observable.from(items);

myObservable.subscribe(
    new Action1<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public void call(Integer item) {
            System.out.println(item);
        }
    },
    new Action1<Throwable>() {
        @Override
        public void call(Throwable error) {
            System.out.println("Error encountered: " + error.getMessage());
        }
    },
    new Action0() {
        @Override
        public void call() {
            System.out.println("Sequence complete");
        }
    }
);
0
1
2
3
4
5
Sequence complete

In the case of a Future, it will emit the single result of the get call. You may optionally pass the version of from that accepts a future two additional parameters indicating a timeout span and the units of time that span is denominated in. The resulting Observable will terminate with an error if that span of time passes before the Future responds with a value.

from does not by default operate on any particular Scheduler, however you can pass the variant that converts a Future a Scheduler as an optional second parameter, and it will use that Scheduler to govern the Future.

fromFunc0

In addition, in the RxJavaAsyncUtil package, you have available to you the following operators that convert actions, callables, functions, and runnables into Observables that emit the results of those things:

  • fromAction
  • fromCallable
  • fromFunc0
  • fromRunnable

See the Start operator for more information about those operators.

from

Note that there is also a from operator that is a method of the optional StringObservable class. It converts a stream of characters or a Reader into an Observable that emits byte arrays or Strings.

In the separate RxJavaAsyncUtil package, which is not included by default with RxJava, there is also a runAsync function. Pass runAsync an Action and a Scheduler, and it will return a StoppableObservable that uses the specified Action to generate items that it emits.

The Action accepts an Observer and a Subscription. It uses the Subscription to check for the isUnsubscribed condition, upon which it will stop emitting items. You can also manually stop a StoppableObservable at any time by calling its unsubscribe method (which will also unsubscribe the Subscription you have associated with the StoppableObservable).

Because runAsync immediately invokes the Action and begins emitting the items, it is possible that some items may be lost in the interval between when you establish the StoppableObservable with this method and when your Observer is ready to receive items. If this is a problem, you can use the variant of runAsync that also accepts a Subject and pass a ReplaySubject with which you can retrieve the otherwise-missing items.

decode

The StringObservable class, which is not a default part of RxGroovy, also includes the decode operator which converts a stream of multibyte characters into an Observable that emits byte arrays that respect the character boundaries.

There are several, specialized From variants in RxJS:

from

In RxJS, the from operator converts an array-like or iterable object into an Observable that emits the items in that array or iterable. A String, in this context, is treated as an array of characters.

This operator also takes three additional, optional parameters:

  1. a transforming function that takes an item from the array or iterable as input and produces an item to be emitted by the resulting Observable as output
  2. a second argument to pass into the transforming function as additional context information
  3. a Scheduler on which this operator should operate

Sample Code

// Array-like object (arguments) to Observable
function f() {
  return Rx.Observable.from(arguments);
}

f(1, 2, 3).subscribe(
  function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
  function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
  function () { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: 1
Next: 2
Next: 3
Completed
// Any iterable object...
// Set
var s = new Set(['foo', window]);
Rx.Observable.from(s).subscribe(
  function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
  function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
  function () { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: foo
Next: window
Completed
// Map
var m = new Map([[1, 2], [2, 4], [4, 8]]);
Rx.Observable.from(m).subscribe(
  function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
  function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
  function () { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: [1, 2]
Next: [2, 4]
Next: [4, 8]
Completed
// String
Rx.Observable.from("foo").subscribe(
  function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
  function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
  function () { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: f
Next: o
Next: o
Completed
// Using an arrow function as the map function to manipulate the elements
Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3], function (x) { return x + x; }).subscribe(
  function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
  function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
  function () { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: 2
Next: 4
Next: 6
Completed
// Generate a sequence of numbers
Rx.Observable.from({length: 5}, function(v, k) { return k; }).subscribe(
  function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
  function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
  function () { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: 0
Next: 1
Next: 2
Next: 3
Next: 4
Completed

from is found in the following distributions:

  • rx.js
  • rx.all.js
  • rx.all.compat.js
  • rx.compat.js
  • rx.lite.js
  • rx.lite.compat.js
fromCallback

The fromCallback operator takes a function as a parameter, calls this function, and emits the value returned from it as its single emission.

This operator also takes two additional, optional parameters:

  1. a parameter to pass to the callback function
  2. a tranforming function that takes the return value of the callback function as input and returns an item to be emitted by the resulting Observable

Sample Code

var fs = require('fs'),
    Rx = require('rx');

// Wrap fs.exists
var exists = Rx.Observable.fromCallback(fs.exists);

// Check if file.txt exists
var source = exists('file.txt');

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
    function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
    function () { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: true
Completed

fromCallback is found in the following distributions:

  • rx.all.js
  • rx.all.compat.js
  • rx.async.js (requires rx.binding.js and either rx.js or rx.compat.js)
  • rx.async.compat.js (requires rx.binding.js and either rx.js or rx.compat.js)
  • rx.lite.js
  • rx.lite.compat.js

There is also a fromNodeCallback operator, which is specialized for the types of callback functions found in Node.js.

This operator takes three additional, optional parameters:

  1. a Scheduler on which you want to run the Node.js callback
  2. a parameter to give to the callback function
  3. a tranforming function that takes the return value of the callback function as input and returns an item to be emitted by the resulting Observable

Sample Code

var fs = require('fs'),
    Rx = require('rx');

// Wrap fs.exists
var rename = Rx.Observable.fromNodeCallback(fs.rename);

// Rename file which returns no parameters except an error
var source = rename('file1.txt', 'file2.txt');

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function () { console.log('Next: success!'); },
    function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
    function () { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: success!
Completed

fromNodeCallback is found in the following distributions:

  • rx.async.js (requires rx.binding.js and either rx.js or rx.compat.js)
  • rx.async.compat.js (requires rx.binding.js and either rx.js or rx.compat.js)
  • rx.lite.js
  • rx.lite.compat.js
fromEvent

The fromEvent operator takes an “element” and an event name as parameters, and it then listens for events of that name taking place on that element. It returns an Observable that emits those events. An “element” may be a simple DOM element, or a NodeList, jQuery element, Zepto Element, Angular element, Ember.js element, or EventEmitter.

This operator also takes an optional third parameter: a function that accepts the arguments from the event handler as parameters and returns an item to be emitted by the resulting Observable in place of the event.

Sample Code

// using a jQuery element
var input = $('#input');

var source = Rx.Observable.fromEvent(input, 'click');

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) { console.log('Next: Clicked!'); },
    function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
    function () { console.log('Completed'); });

input.trigger('click');
Next: Clicked!
// using a Node.js EventEmitter and the optional third parameter
var EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter,
    Rx = require('rx');

var eventEmitter = new EventEmitter();

var source = Rx.Observable.fromEvent(
    eventEmitter,
    'data',
    function (first, second) {
        return { foo: first, bar: second };
    });

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) {
        console.log('Next: foo -' + x.foo + ', bar -' + x.bar);
    },
    function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
    function () { console.log('Completed'); });

eventEmitter.emit('data', 'baz', 'quux');
Next: foo - baz, bar - quux

fromEvent is found in the following distributions:

  • rx.async.js (requires rx.binding.js and either rx.js or rx.compat.js)
  • rx.async.compat.js (requires rx.binding.js and either rx.js or rx.compat.js)
  • rx.lite.js
  • rx.lite.compat.js

The fromEventPattern operator is similar, except that instead of taking an element and an event name as parameters, it takes two functions as parameters. The first function attaches an event listener to a variety of events on a variety of elements; the second function removes this set of listeners. In this way you can establish a single Observable that emits items representing a variety of events and a variety of target elements.

Sample Code

var input = $('#input');

var source = Rx.Observable.fromEventPattern(
    function add (h) {
        input.bind('click', h);
    },
    function remove (h) {
        input.unbind('click', h);
    }
);

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) { console.log('Next: Clicked!'); },
    function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
    function () { console.log('Completed'); });

input.trigger('click');
Next: Clicked!
of

The of operator accepts a number of items as parameters, and returns an Observable that emits each of these parameters, in order, as its emitted sequence.

Sample Code

var source = Rx.Observable.of(1,2,3);

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
    function (err) { console.log('Error: ' + err); },
    function () { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: 1
Next: 2
Next: 3
Completed

of is found in the following distributions:

  • rx.js
  • rx.all.js
  • rx.all.compat.js
  • rx.compat.js
  • rx.lite.js
  • rx.lite.compat.js

A variant of this operator, called ofWithScheduler takes a Scheduler as its first parameter, and operates the resulting Observable on this Scheduler.

There is also a fromPromise operator that converts a Promise into an Observable, converting its resolve calls into onNext notifications, and its reject calls into onError notifications.

fromPromise is found in the following distributions:

  • rx.async.js (requires rx.binding.js and either rx.js or rx.compat.js)
  • rx.async.compat.js (requires rx.binding.js and either rx.js or rx.compat.js)
  • rx.lite.js
  • rx.lite.compat.js

Sample Code

var promise = new RSVP.Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
   resolve(42);
});

var source = Rx.Observable.fromPromise(promise);

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
    function (e) { console.log('Error: ' + e); },
    function ( ) { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: 42:
Completed
var promise = new RSVP.Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
   reject(new Error('reason'));
});

var source = Rx.Observable.fromPromise(promise);

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
    function (e) { console.log('Error: ' + e); },
    function ( ) { console.log('Completed'); });
Error: Error: reject

There is also an ofArrayChanges operator that monitors an Array with the Array.observe method, and returns an Observable that emits any changes that take place in the array. This operator is found only in the rx.all.js distribution.

Sample Code

var arr = [1,2,3];
var source = Rx.Observable.ofArrayChanges(arr);

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
    function (e) { console.log('Error: ' + e); },
    function ( ) { console.log('Completed'); });

arr.push(4)
Next: {type: "splice", object: Array[4], index: 3, removed: Array[0], addedCount: 1}

A similar operator is ofObjectChanges. It returns an Observable that emits any changes made to a particular object, as reported by its Object.observe method. It is also found only in the rx.all.js distribution.

Sample Code

var obj = {x: 1};
var source = Rx.Observable.ofObjectChanges(obj);

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
    function (e) { console.log('Error: ' + e); },
    function ( ) { console.log('Completed'); });

obj.x = 42;
Next: {type: "update", object: Object, name: "x", oldValue: 1}

There is also a pairs operator. This operator accepts an Object, and returns an Observable that emits, as key/value pairs, the attributes of that object.

Sample Code

var obj = {
  foo: 42,
  bar: 56,
  baz: 78
};

var source = Rx.Observable.pairs(obj);

var subscription = source.subscribe(
    function (x) { console.log('Next: ' + x); },
    function (e) { console.log('Error: ' + e); },
    function ( ) { console.log('Completed'); });
Next: ['foo', 42]
Next: ['bar', 56]
Next: ['baz', 78]
Completed

pairs is found in the following distributions:

  • rx.js
  • rx.all.js
  • rx.all.compat.js
  • rx.compat.js
  • rx.lite.js
  • rx.lite.compat.js

RxPHP implements this operator as fromArray.

Converts an array to an observable sequence

Sample Code

//from https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxPHP/blob/master/demo/fromArray/fromArray.php

$source = \Rx\Observable::fromArray([1, 2, 3, 4]);

$subscription = $source->subscribe($stdoutObserver);

//Next value: 1
//Next value: 2
//Next value: 3
//Next value: 4
//Complete!

   
Next value: 1
Next value: 2
Next value: 3
Next value: 4
Complete!
    

RxPHP also has an operator fromIterator.

Converts an Iterator into an observable sequence

Sample Code

//from https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxPHP/blob/master/demo/iterator/iterator.php

function gen_one_to_three()
{
    for ($i = 1; $i <= 3; $i++) {
        yield $i;
    }
}

$generator = gen_one_to_three();
$source    = new \Rx\Observable\IteratorObservable($generator);

$source->subscribe($stdoutObserver);

//Next value: 1
//Next value: 2
//Next value: 3
//Complete!

   
Next value: 1
Next value: 2
Next value: 3
Complete!
    

RxPHP also has an operator asObservable.

Hides the identity of an observable sequence.

Sample Code

//from https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxPHP/blob/master/demo/asObservable/asObservable.php

// Create subject
$subject = new \Rx\Subject\AsyncSubject();

// Send a value
$subject->onNext(42);
$subject->onCompleted();

// Hide its type
$source = $subject->asObservable();

$source->subscribe($stdoutObserver);
   
Next value: 42
Complete!